Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China

The Cr,Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb contents were determined in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,Carassius auratus Linnaeus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis,which were caught from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,a large,shallow and eutrophic lake of China.The results showed that:(1)the Cr,Cu,Pb,Cd contents in the edible parts of the four fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion(1994),but the Zn contents were higher than the Criterion;(2)Cd contents were the highest in the liver of fish,Pb contents were almost the same in all organs of fish,Cr contents mainly enriched in the skin and gonads,Zn contents were the highest in the gonad(♀),and Cu contents were the highest in the liver;(3)the total metal accumulation was the greatest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle.The total metal accumulation was the highest in C.auratus L.This investigation indicated that fish products in Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption,but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Zn.     

中国农田N_2O排放量的估算

排放量估算是温室效应气体研究的重要内容。本文论述了影响农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量估算准确性的因素，讨论如何提高农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放量估算的准确性，并估算了中国农田Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量。     

中国基本农田保护的回顾与展望

本文指出我国基本农田保护的必然性,并就基本农田保护内涵展开探讨。通过回顾建国以来我国农田保护工作进展,分析了当前基本农田保护中的问题,提出了今后我国基本农田保护的工作方向     

施用缓/控释氮肥对玉米苗期土壤生物学活性的影响

采用盆栽试验并模拟田间生态环境,研究了施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥对玉米苗期土壤脲酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、微生物生物量碳和氮含量的影响。结果表明,在玉米苗期,施用脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素及醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素对土壤脲酶活性有显著抑制作用,脲酶活性分别为49.25和48.13μg.g-1.d-1(以NH3-N计);施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥时土壤硝酸还原酶活性普遍增强,其活性在0.76~1.03μg.g-1.d-1(以N计)之间,但相互间无显著差异,脲酶抑制剂nBPT对土壤硝酸还原酶活性无显著作用;施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥时土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量变化趋势一致,施用脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素时微生物量最多,微生物量碳、氮含量分别为248.19和56.53 mg.kg-1,施用丙烯酸树脂包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素时微生物量最少,微生物碳、氮含量分别为104.80和23.94 mg.kg-1。施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥时土壤生物学活性的变化特点表明,丙烯酸树脂包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层相结合的缓/控释肥料控释效果最好。     

江西农田鼠害及其防治措施

农田鼠害是江西农业生物灾害中的主要灾种之一,它具有发生面积之、造成损失重、灾情越来越严重的特点,本文在回顾了江西农田鼠发生概况的基础上,简述了农田害鼠的种类、分布、主要特征及其发生发展规律,并从自然因素和人为因素等方面分析了鼠害成灾的主要原因,最后,提出了农田鼠害的防治措施。     

Drainage Investment and Wetlands Loss: an Analysis of the National Resources Inventory Data

The United States Soil Conservation Service (SCS) conducts a survey for the purpose of establishing an agricultural land use database. This survey is called the National Resources Inventory (NRI) database. The complex NRI land classification system, in conjunction with the quantitative information gathered by the survey, has numerous applications. The current paper uses the wetland area data gathered by the NRI in 1982 and 1987 to examine empirically the factors that generate wetland loss in the United States. The cross-section regression models listed here use the quantity of wetlands, the stock of drainage capital, the realty value of farmland and drainage costs to explain most of the cross-state variation in wetland loss rates. Wetlands preservation efforts by federal agencies assume that pecuniary economic factors play a decisive role in wetland drainage. The empirical models tested in the present paper validate this assumption.     

河南省畜禽粪便污染及耕地负荷时空变化特征分析

为了解河南省畜禽养殖废弃物对环境污染的影响,根据河南省2006年～ 2012年统计数据,以各地级市为单位,分析了2006年～ 2012年河南省主要畜禽粪便产生总量及养分总量、单位耕地面积粪便负荷量及其污染风险预警.结果表明：河南省畜禽粪便产生总量约为28627万吨,猪粪和牛粪占粪便总量的84.5％以上,畜禽粪便还田后,粪便中的养分含量将对该省的水环境造成污染;河南省耕地畜禽粪便负荷预警级别在I级与Ⅳ级之间,风险较高的地市主要集中在漯河、鹤壁等市,尤其是鹤壁市,负荷量最高达59t/hm2.因此,这些地级市应该加强畜禽粪便的风险管理和综合治理工作.     

耕地保护面临的形势及其对策研究

通过运用SWOT分析法，对我国城乡生态经济交错区农地保护的外部环境的机会与威胁、内部环境的优势与劣势进行了战略分析，其目的在于寻找新形势下农地保护的正确战略决策，以解决我国吃饭与建设的矛盾，实现土地资源的可持续利用。通过研究得出：农地保护面临着严峻的国内外形势，政府应该扬长避短，积极应对。